GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY

 USA   is the leading producer of coal in the world and accounts for 24% of the world’s total production. The major coal fields include: The eastern province which is the most productive in which there are states like Kentucky, Pennsylvania, West Virginia and Ohio The interior that include the states like L.Hunan, Indiana, Illinois, Missouri, Oklahoma and Kansas The gulf province that includes the states like Texas, Alabama and Arkansas Factors that have stimulated the development of coal mining  1) Presence of large deposits in many parts of USA.  2) Advanced technology used in the mining activity. The use of machines. 3) Good market within and out of the USA due to the presence of iron and steel industries. 4) Well developed transport system.  5) Capital availability since the country is very rich. Advantages of coal mining in the USA  1) It has stimulated the development of industries since it provides power. 2) It has led to the development of the trans...

  South Africa is the third world producer of diamond, the first is DRC and the second is the former USSR. Others are Botswana, Ghana, and Sierra Leone etc. Diamond is the hardest mineral. In South Africa mining began in 1871 at Kimberly. The methods involved in the mining process are placer method for alluvial diamond and shaft method for the diamond found in the deep ground. Diamond is used for making jewels, manufacturing the drilling bits, making cutting instruments like for cutting glass, diamond dust for polish. Places or areas where diamond is produced in South Africa are; i) Kimberly cape province  ii) Transvaal iii) Port mus burg  iv) Orange free states(Pretoria)  Importance of diamond mining in South Africa i) Provision of employment opportunities not only in South Africa but also in other countries. ii) Development of social services. iii) Development of towns and cities e.g. Pretoria. iv) Increases the national income from its sales. Problems facing diamo...

  The ozone layer or ozone shield refers to a region of Earth's stratosphere that absorbs most of the Sun's ultraviolet (UV) radiation. It contains high concentrations of ozone (O3) relative to other parts of the atmosphere, although still very small relative to other gases in the stratosphere. Reductions in stratospheric ozone levels will lead to higher levels of UVB reaching the Earth's surface. The sun's output of UVB does not change; rather, less ozone means less protection, and hence more UVB reaches the Earth. Studies have shown that in the Antarctic, the amount of UVB measured at the surface can double during the annual ozone hole. Another study confirmed the relationship between reduced ozone and increased UVB levels in Canada during the past several years. The following are effects of depletion of ozone layer Effects on Human Health Laboratory and epidemiological studies demonstrate that UVB causes nonmelanoma skin cancer and plays a major role in malignant mel...

  Mining is the extraction of natural resources from the earth's crust for economic use The following Environmental problems caused by mining Mining also leads to destruction of land which could have been used for agriculture e.g. by depositing rock debris after rock blasts. Mining also leads to swamp reclamation hence destructing the water cycle e.g. quarrying of clay and sand. Mining also leads to silting of river valleys which causes floods. It leads to destruction of natural beauty by leaving behind large pits. It has led to loss of property through displacement of people near mining areas. Mining is risky it has involved suffocation of miners underground or burying them underground. It has led to neglect of agriculture which leads to outbreak of famine. It leads to soil erosion especially in highland areas where trees are cleared leading to soil infertility. Mining also leads to landslides in highland regions which destroy human property and life. It leads to air pollutio...

  Inadequate capital to inset in the industrial sector local investors depend on basic provision from the government and foreign aid and grants which may not be adequate or has too high interest rates. Most industrial suffer from inconsistency in the supply of raw materials due to fluctuation in output especially agricultural raw materials, industries dependent on natural raw materials, e.g. minerals suffer shortage when the mineral deposits decline Most industries face the problem of limited market due to the fact that much of the population is unemployed hence has low purchasing power. The country faces inadequate managerial skills which result in mismanagement and embezzlement of funds and unnecessary spending. There is the problem of poor transport and communication which hinder transportation of raw materials to factories and industrial goods to the market. The country faces the problem of insufficient and expensive power supply which hinders industrial development especially ...

  Transport systems are responsible for many accidents in world leading to loss of lives. The Mtongwe ferry accident in Kenya claimed 257 lives in 1994; a plane crash in Ngong in 2012 killed the minister for internal security professor George Saitoti and six others. Transport is responsible for environmental pollution. Different forms of transport emit poisonous gases to the atmosphere. Oil –tankers cause oil spills in the sea s leading to marine pollution. Unless they complement each other, different forms of transport are unreliable. For example, water and railway transport have to be complemented by road transport. The growth of international terrorism has been attributed to transport network. RELATED POSTS 9 CONDITIONS FAVOURING IRRIGATION FARMING IN EGYPT 5 CAUSES OF RURAL-RURAL MIGRATION IN KENYA 10 AIMS OF KILOMBERO VALLEY IRRIGATION SCHEME 4 FEATURES OF MAP STATEMENT SCALE 10 ADVANTAGES OF OIL PRODUCTION IN THE MIDDLE EAST 7 DISADVANTAGES OF AIR TRANSPORT 10 PROBLEMS FACING...