Geography & History Notes | KCSE, NECTA, ZIMSEC & GCSE

  It led to wide spread rebellions, for example Maji-Maji , Hehe rebellion and Abushiri among others. The local chiefs lost their powers to the Jumbes and Akidas. The Akidas and Jumbes were therefore promoted. New crops were introduced in Tanganyika , for example sisal , cotton and many others. Infrastructures were developed so as to use them to exploit resources of Tanganyika . The German culture, or generally Western cultures were spread throughout Tanganyika . African cultures were steadily eroded away. The German direct rule led to widespread of Christianity in Tanganyika except in the coastal areas, where the Arabs had deeply established Islam . They undermined the Muslim cultures, for example the German administrators would enter the mosques with dogs, moreover during the holy month of Ramadan. The Tanganyika states and chiefdoms lost their independence to the Germans . Tribal institutions were destroyed. There was loss of lives in wars intended to force the people of Tang...

  The Portuguese regarded their colonies as overseas territories leading to delayed independence. The Portuguese leader Don Salazar smuggled this issue into the Portuguese constitution and it became illegal and difficult to grant independence without amending the constitution. The existence of a tight and strong spy network in the colonies delayed independence. Portugal had repressive police called PIDE that crashed African struggles. The PIDE police arrested, detained and assassinated African leaders. It is on record that Eduardo Mondlane of Mozambique was assassinated in 1968 and Amilcar Cabral of Guinea Bissau in 1973. This affected Africans’ clear road to independence. The military superiority of the Portuguese contributed to the delayed independence of Portuguese Africa. Portugal was very powerful militarily; the army was well trained and equipped compared to the Africans. Portugal had very few colonies in Africa and this gave it a strong advantage against Africans. Unlike oth...

  The Africans in the Portuguese colonies tried to use peaceful means in the initial stages, however independence was far from reach and they resorted to armed struggle against the Portuguese. The following are causes of liberation struggles in Portuguese colonies The Portuguese regarded the colonies as overseas provinces which sparked off the wars. This idea was declared in the 1951 Constitution of Portugal and this negated African feelings. The Africans applied violence to break the colonial bondage. The brutality of the Portuguese led to the outbreak of the liberation wars. The Portuguese killed over 200,000 Angolans, others were terribly wounded and public flogging e.g. Agustinho Neto, dock workers were killed in Mozambique and Guinea Bissau and others killed in strikes. All these sparked off armed struggle for independence. Lack of constitutional means to achieve independence forced Africans to declare war on the Portuguese. Africans in Angola , Mozambique and Guinea Bissau ...