How was apartheid policy applied in South Africa between 1948-1990?

Apartheid was applied in all areas of life such as in landownership, employment politics, education, and social relations.

Application of apartheid in land ownership

Land was divided into native African territories and nonnative white territories.
Separate homes called Bantustans were created for Africans. These included Transkei, Kwazulu, Gazazulu, Lebowa, venda.
Africans were forbidden from living out side their native areas (Bantu) except when working for whites.
Urban areas were also divided into two racial areas i.e. those for blacks and others for whites.
African labour tenant was not allowed to leave their property without the permission of the land lord.

The group area Act of 1950 was also passed and specified areas where one race could live or own unmovable property. It also classified racial groups as whites, coloureds and blacks.
It was compulsory for all people of adult age to carry identity cards with their race specified
Africans were removedfrom cities like Johannesburg to dirty townships of Soweto, Langa and Sharpeville

The Africans were reduced to merely permanent position of hewers of wood and drawers of water.
Africans were denied supply skilled labour in mines as it was kept for whites by 1911, mines and workers Act. This was because white workers feared competition.

Africans and whites were forbidden from belonging to the same trade union (workers’ organization).
Africans were prevented from belonging to any registered trade unions bythe 1937 industrial conciliation Act Thus Africans were denied the rights to collective bargaining.
The employment of skilled Africans on construction sites in urban areas wasforbidden by the Native building Act 1951.
Africans were also paid low wages and wages yet mistreat by the whites.
Africans had to first get permission of their labour office before seeking for employment in urban cetres.

Africans were denied their political independence and freedom. In fact they excluded from the politics of S. Africa
Voting rights were removed from Africans at the Cape by the 1936, native representation Act.

In fact, Africans were removed from the common voting roll and a separate voters’ role was set up for them.
In 1948, the Asiatic law amendment Act was passed to remove Asian representatives from parliament.
Africans were not to oppose racial discrimination andthose who tried to resist were imprisoned or detained without trial. For example Nelson Mandela, Robert Sobukwe.
Africans were denied their freedom of association and assembly and their political parties such as ANC and PAC declared illegal.

Africans who took part in activities of political parties were sentenced for ten years in prison.
Africans who took part in political demonstrations were given heavy fines as they were suspected of encouraging civil disobedience.

Apartheid laws were passed restricting social interaction between Africans and whites.
25.Mixed marriages between blacks and whites were not allowed according to the mixed marriage Act of 1949 .This aimed at protecting the white race and culture.
Physical love making (sex) between white and non-white men and women was forbidden by immorality Act of 1950, the Freedom of movement was restricted by the 1952 native
Act. By this Act, Africans had to get permission from their local area authorities before leaving his home area for urban employment.
Africans denied access to certain social facilities by the reservation of separate amenities Act of 1953
Roads beaches ,parks, bridges were discriminative marked as ”whites only” or “nonwhites only”
The native laws amendment Act was passed in 1953 and restricted Africans from attending church services in white areas.

AllAfricans were required to carry their passbook whenever they movedaccording to the 1952 amendment of passbook Act.

Education of Africans was to suit the interests of the racist white.
Education was to keep Africans in low positions and to perform inferior roles in the country.
All African education was to be conducted in mother language for the first 8 years as par the 1953 Bantu education Act.
Education was removed from missionary control and put it under state control hence giving the government the responsibility of controlling African education.
African education promoted tribalism as it emphasized local rather than national issues
Africans were given poor-quality educations as they lacked scholastic materials and qualified teachers.

Universities for Africans were set up along tribal lines. For example Fort Hare for the Xhosa and Ugoye for the Zulu on the other had the universities of Witwatersrand, Cape and Natal admitted only whites.
Later in 1979 the government abolished higher education for Africans and all Africans in the above universities were expelled.